What is the role of public-private partnerships in improving access to treatment and care for patients with kidney disease in low- and middle-income countries? Dr. B. Wilson, Professor, Emeritus, Department of Virology, Harvard Medical School, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA High-turnover capacity for treatments of kidney disease among individuals in low- and middle-income countries has led to significant improvements in treatment delivery and care for these patients.[@R1] As of 2012, the average annual increase of the number of new patients with advanced kidney disease was between 7 and 7.8 per 1000 people.[@R2] However, the highest amount of patient-reported treatment in the United States was performed in 2010, which was higher than the largest increase in American treatment coverage in 2008.[@R3] The United States has been a leader in kidney \#1 disease in the United States. Thus, an improvement in treatment rates is one of the important public health goals to achieve. Also, the use of public assistance to improve treatment outcomes in the population is a great opportunity to improve kidney-related outcomes, and many experts are predicting that that the increase in treatment support will be followed by substantial improvements in the rates of PAD ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type=”fig”}). 
